Hyperpigmentation is a common skin condition characterised by the appearance of discoloured areas on the skin, often presenting as blotchy patches, clusters of freckle-like spots, or distinct dark spots. This occurs when excess melanin (the brown pigment responsible for skin colour) forms deposits within the skin. While hyperpigmentation can affect individuals of all ages and skin types, those with higher natural melanin levels, i.e., darker skin tones, are more susceptible to its development. Several primary triggers contribute to the onset of hyperpigmentation.
Types and Triggers of Hyperpigmentation
- Hormone-Induced Hyperpigmentation (Melasma): Also known as melasma, this form of hyperpigmentation is intrinsically linked to hormonal changes, particularly a surge in oestrogen levels which stimulates excess melanin production. It commonly appears in individuals undergoing oral contraceptive therapy, hormone replacement therapy, or during pregnancy (where it is specifically termed chloasma). In some cases, a genetic predisposition can also contribute to its manifestation.
- Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH): This type of hyperpigmentation arises as a result of trauma or inflammation to the skin, typically appearing as flat brown spots. PIH occurs after the skin has experienced an injury (such as from surgery or the misuse of in-clinic treatments like microdermabrasion, lasers, or peels) or inflammation (stemming from conditions like acne, eczema, or allergic reactions). In these instances, melanocytes (the cells responsible for producing melanin) are triggered as part of the body’s healing response and go into overdrive, leading to the darkening and discolouration of the affected area.
- Sun-Induced Hyperpigmentation: Exposure to UVA and UVB rays is the foremost cause of premature skin ageing and simultaneously the primary trigger for hyperpigmentation. Prolonged sun exposure induces oxidative stress in the skin, resulting in hyperpigmentation that commonly appears as discrete dark spots, often referred to as sun spots or age spots.
Preventing Hyperpigmentation
The most effective strategy for protecting against any type of potential hyperpigmentation is the diligent, daily application of a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF 50. This vital protective measure should be consistently applied regardless of weather conditions, complemented by limiting direct exposure to sunlight whenever possible.
Treating Hyperpigmentation
While hyperpigmentation poses no inherent medical or health risk, many individuals seek treatment for aesthetic purposes. It is important to approach treatment with patience, as it is often a gradual process with no promise of instantaneous change.
In-clinic treatments that can effectively address hyperpigmentation include targeted chemical peels, dermabrasion, and various laser therapies, which work to break down pigment and promote skin renewal.
For an effective at-home regimen, a multi-pronged approach is recommended:
- Brightening Serums: Incorporate a skin-brightening Vitamin C serum into your morning routine. Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that helps to visibly reduce discolouration and even out skin tone.
- Gentle Exfoliation: Utilise a gentle chemical exfoliator containing ingredients like salicylic acid once or twice a week. This promotes healthy skin cell turnover, helping to shed pigmented surface cells.
- Retinol at Night: Introduce a low-strength retinol into your evening routine. Retinol penetrates deep into the dermis, where melanin is produced, working to regulate pigment formation and encourage overall skin clarity and renewal.